A 1200x1200 pixel image would produce a great looking 4in x 4in image.ġ200/150 = 8. What DPI is that image? It depends on how large you want it to print out.ġ200/300 = 4. A Simplified Example of the Mathįor this example, you have a 1200x1200 pixel image. The same "file instructions" using two sizes of tiles. You can take the same set of instructions, and if you have a pile of small 1x1 bricks, you pack your information into a smaller space than if you start with a pile of 2x2 bricks. Think about building the file with Legos. It depends! Knowing that your file only contains instructions on how to make an image, the DPI is only determined when you tell the printer how closely or loosely that information is packed together. 300DPI is the point where the individual dots are so closely packed together you can't distinguish individual dots, and the picture looks smooth and crisp. The general standard for a great-looking print is 300 dots of color in every inch. The dimensions of the file are what matters on screen. 300 "dots" per inch means there are 300 pieces of color information (pixels, printed CMYK dots, etc.) in each inch.ĭPI is NOT a measurement that is useful on screens. The amount of information in a given length. The same image dimension is seen on multiple screens.ĭots Per Inch, Pixels Per Inch, Dots Per Centimeter, and Points Per Inch all refer to generally the same concept. The boat.jpg image might be a great size on a vintage flip phone, fine on your tablet, and not enough on your brand-new monitor. The only thing that matters is how much information you have (the image dimensions) vs. There are no "high-resolution" image files when working on monitors, phones, TVs, or other screens. The boat.jpg example above is described as a 10x10 pixel image.ġ024x1024, 720p, 4K, are all shorthand ways of talking about the pixel dimensions of an image. They talk about the dimensions (the number of columns and rows information) of the image. People generally don't talk about the file size of an image in kilobytes or megabytes. If each colored dot is one byte of information, the image file would be 100 bytes. In the boat picture, the file contains 10 rows and 10 columns, or 100 pieces of information. The file size is directly related to the amount of information inside the file. Think about image files as a set of instructions on how to arrange colored pixels to create an image. gif are instructions for creating an image.Įach image is a mosaic of small colored tiles (pixels) that form the picture. This guide is a simplified, non-technical, easy-to-understand explanation of image size, dimensions, resolutions, and DPI.Įxamples will use this simple sailboat picture.
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A defensive midfielder should be an excellent tackler. Usually this position is for the hard men in football. Having said all these, still they are the most invisible men on the playing field. They generally cover the most distance in a match. They draw the most foul and literally drive the team. They are almost like a villain for their opponents on the field playing a destroyer’s role. They are positioned and trained to disrupt the opponents flowing attack, any way possible. They are hated by the opposition as much as loved by their own fans. They provide insurance for both the defence and the attack the men with the most the most critical responsibility on the field the men who can run and run and run all day. In more general terms these are the men who do the dirty work for the team’s cause. So who are these men who rarely get noticed for their efforts but gets all the blame for the slightest of mistake they commit? People worship the likes of Messi, Drogba, Torres but rarely laud the men who provide them the insurance to be flamboyant and flashy. The Central Defensive Midfielder operating in the zone covering the entire width of the pitch by providing cover for an advancing full back or a defender.įootball, being an entertaining game tends to favor the dazzling players who play more in the attacking zone. No one wants to give any space to a creative player who can definitely achieve his aim of creating or scoring a goal, if given the space and time. This is a dangerous zone because this is where the most creative opposition players operate. The defensive midfielder position is the zone behind the creative midfielder and just in-front of the defenders. The sweeper position as it was called in the older days has undergone a lot of changes. There is no team which doesn’t have one dedicated player for this position. The Central Defensive Midfield position has become a tactical necessarily. There are defensive midfielders who can also score some dazzling goals, but it is their dirty work that is more important to their team. The objective is to only look at their dirty work of providing the cover to their attack and defence. This is an effort to understand this position better and the men who make this position so vital in the modern game. One such vital component is the `Central Defensive Midfield` position. The Engine room, as it is called, has so many components working together to drive the team. But the midfield is a position where so much action takes places, moreover, a match is literally won or lost in this zone. The two more clear zones are the attacking and defending ones, as these are the edges and can be clearly seen on the pitch. These zones are not static and are constantly shifting up and down and even sideways to some extent as the play moves around the pitch. So a football pitch can be viewed as different zones occupied by certain number of players competing for space and ball, trying to move forward towards the goal. As football has evolved overtime, these spaces have been converted to zones to put these spaces for better use. Real Madrid lost their invincibility after his departure, underlying the fact that the position of a Central Defensive Midfielder is a necessity that cannot be overlooked.Ī football pitch has a lot of space to accommodate 22 players, giving them enough room to run around. He wasn’t a header of the ball and he rarely passed the ball more than three metres.” His technique is average, he lacks the speed and skill to take the ball past opponents, and ninety percent of his distribution either goes backwards or sideways. Florentino Perez said this before he decided to sell Makelele: Iker Casillas has now taken over from Buffon’s reign, and will feature in the best XI up until 2013. Iker Casillas Carles Puyol, John Terry, Rio Ferdinand, Sergio Ramos Kaka, Steven Gerrard, Xavi Cristiano Ronaldo, Fernando Torres, Lionel Messi. Kaka and Steven Gerrard make up the more ‘defensive’ midfield roles, therefore it’s a good job you have Cannavaro, Terry, Nesta and Carles Puyol at the back with Gianluigi Buffon in goal 2008 A foursome of Ronaldinho, Messi, Didier Drogba and Ronaldo is something a manager could only dream of. Get used to them, as they’re going to be hanging around for a bit. Gianluigi Buffon Carles Puyol, John Terry, Fabio Cannavaro, Alessandro Nesta Steven Gerrard, Kaka, Cristiano Ronaldo Ronaldinho, Didier Drogba, Lionel Messi.Įnter Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo. And what about that centre-back pairing of John Terry and World Cup and Ballon d’Or-winner Fabio Cannavaro! 2007 We haven’t even mentioned the fact that Ronaldinho, Eto’o and Thierry Henry are just watching as this move takes place. Imagine the beauty of a midfield trio of Andrea Pirlo, Zidane and 2006 Kaka? Beautiful, right? Pirlo picks the ball up deep and accurately slides it to Zizou, who plays a pinpoint through ball to Kaka who’s ghosted behind the opposition’s centre-backs and executes the finish. Gianluigi Buffon Gianluca Zambrotta, John Terry, Fabio Cannavaro, Lilian Thuram Kaka, Zinedine Zidane, Andrea Pirlo Ronaldinho, Thierry Henry, Samuel Eto’o. Not only that, but the crafty attacking play coupled with the relentless defensive attributes of Paolo Maldini and Cafu is as close to full-back perfection as you’re ever going to get. You would struggle to find an opposing team that could cope against a spine consisting of Alessandro Nesta, Zinedine Zidane and Samuel Eto’o. 2005ĭida Paolo Maldini, John Terry, Alessandro Nesta, Cafu Frank Lampard, Zinedine Zidane, Claude Makelele Samuel Eto’o, Andriy Shevchenko, Ronaldinho. The result constantly leads to a mixed reaction of agreement, disagreement, outrage, happiness and social media warfare.īut who has secured their place in the annual team down the years? Let’s take a look…. Luckily, this brain-twisting chore is the task of around 20,000 professional footballers, who all cast their vote for FIFA’s annual FIFPro World XI. Picking a best XI for any team is a difficult task, but if you’re asked to pick just 11 players from the entire football world and stuff them in an orthodox formation, it’s borderline impossible. On-the-fly Maintenance of Series-parallel Relationships in Fork-join Multithreaded Programs. Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., New York, NY, USA, 230-245. In Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on NASA Formal Methods - Volume 8430. Warps and Atomics: Beyond Barrier Synchronization in the Verification of GPU Kernels. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 226-242. In Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification - Volume 8559. Engineering a Static Verification Tool for GPU Kernels. Donaldson, Jeroen Ketema, Daniel Liew, and Shaz Qadeer. Ethel Bardsley, Adam Betts, Nathan Chong, Peter Collingbourne, Pantazis Deligiannis, Alastair F.In 2018 IEEE International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS). Saman Ashkiani, Martin Farach-Colton, and John D.In Proceedings of the Twentieth International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems (Istanbul, Turkey) (ASPLOS '15). GPU Concurrency: Weak Behaviours and Programming Assumptions. Donaldson, Ganesh Gopalakrishnan, Jeroen Ketema, Daniel Poetzl, Tyler Sorensen, and John Wickerson. In total, iGUARD detected 57 races in 21 GPU programs, without false positives. It detected previously unknown subtle bugs in popular GPU programs, including three in NVIDIA supported commercial libraries. Importantly, iGUARD detects newer types of races that were hitherto not possible for any known tool. The GPU's parallelism helps speed up race detection by 15x over a closely related prior work. We thus perform the race detection on the GPU itself without relying on the CPU. A key need for a race detector to be practical is to accurately detect races at reasonable overheads. We present iGUARD, a runtime software tool to detect races in GPU programs due to incorrect use of such advanced features. While these features can speed up many applications and enable newer use cases, they can also introduce subtle synchronization errors if used incorrectly. To cater to the needs of emerging applications with semantically richer and finer grain sharing patterns, GPU vendors have been introducing advanced programming features, e.g., scoped synchronization and independent thread scheduling. ISS iGuard is a total personal solution for you.Ĭontinued use of GPS running in the background can dramatically decrease battery life.Newer use cases of GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) computing, e.g., graph analytics, look less like traditional bulk-synchronous GPU programs. Businesses can monitor the safety of their employees directly to existing computer systems with internet access. Users can login to the ISS iGuard portal via the website to manage their account, update their profile and view alerts. ISS iGuard cab also look after your business requirements monitoring and protecting your employee offering a complete business solution and compiles with BS8484 OH&S standards. If you have made a mistake you can cancel your emergency by keying in your PIN and your contacts will be updated. Video and Audio of your situation is sent to the ISS iGuard cloud and on to your contacts. You emergency contacts will be sent an SMS of your present location and your emergency escalation requirements will be activated. If you are concerned for your safety then simply shake the phone and ISS iGuard will do the rest. When you need the protection of ISS iGuard you login to the App and you are then being monitored. Simply download the App onto your smart phone, follow the prompts and you are ready to go. Whether you are a shift worker, out on the town, working in a dangerous location or area, or want to know that your family is safe, then ISS iGuard is for you. ISS iGuard is a revolution in 24 hour personal security protection. In emergency departments (EDs), a fast interpretation of clinical data to categorize the severity of patients’ conditions is of great importance. One particular strength of AI, the speed with which it can make inferences, makes it relevant for emergency medicine. For example, a prediction model using ML can recognize heart rate and blood pressure patterns, which can help detect sepsis at an earlier stage, significantly improving patient outcomes. ML can improve algorithms by recognizing patterns in large numbers of data and can make calculations or predictions using statistical approaches. There are subdivisions in kinds of AI technology, and one of them is machine learning. While “AI” is often understood as either complex and all-encompassing or vague, it comes down to a computer that simulates human intelligence by learning to make deductions when fed new data. ĪI is increasingly used in healthcare as it can work as a catalyst to overcome significant challenges of health systems. AI applications aim to comprehend and develop electronic methods that embed intelligence properties. It is the concept of computer systems performing tasks that usually demands human knowledge. AI is machine-learned intelligence instead of the natural intelligence humans or animals display. Healthcare providers globally recognize that part of the solution to these challenges is to embed artificial intelligence (AI) into their work processes. To respond to these challenges, healthcare must continue to improve its productivity and efficiency, which raises the question of whether healthcare professionals' expectations to deliver good healthcare might still be within human capabilities. Healthcare faces significant challenges of a “rising burden of illness, multimorbidity and disability driven by aging and epidemiological transition, greater demand for health services, higher societal expectations, and increasing health expenditures”. Over the past years, the need for a higher quality of care has increased significantly. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. To learn more, see the privacy policy.Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. Please note that Urban Thesaurus uses third party scripts (such as Google Analytics and advertisements) which use cookies. Special thanks to the contributors of the open-source code that was used in this project: and you might like to check out the growing collection of curated slang words for different topics over at Slangpedia. There is still lots of work to be done to get this slang thesaurus to give consistently good results, but I think it's at the stage where it could be useful to people, which is why I released it. Please also note that due to the nature of the internet (and especially UD), there will often be many terrible and offensive terms in the results. Or you might try boyfriend or girlfriend to get words that can mean either one of these (e.g. The search algorithm handles phrases and strings of words quite well, so for example if you want words that are related to lol and rofl you can type in lol rofl and it should give you a pile of related slang terms. The higher the terms are in the list, the more likely that they're relevant to the word or phrase that you searched for. Note that this thesaurus is not in any way affiliated with Urban Dictionary.ĭue to the way the algorithm works, the thesaurus gives you mostly related slang words, rather than exact synonyms. The official Urban Dictionary API is used to show the hover-definitions. These indexes are then used to find usage correlations between slang terms. The Urban Thesaurus was created by indexing millions of different slang terms which are defined on sites like Urban Dictionary. The show was full of great hits like “Because I Love You (The Postman Song),” “I Wonder If I Take You Home,” “Tell It to My Heart,” “I’ll Be All You Ever Need,” “It Takes Two,” “Hi-De-Ho,” “Crush On You,” “Show Me,” “When I Hear Music,” “The Party Has Just Begun,” and “Shake It. Dayne was the first artist to perform with musicians (keys and drums), Lisa Lisa had a whole band with dancers and back-up singers, and Stevie B. Family group the Jets were originally of eight siblings and for this performance it was just a 4-piece. It was a night of old school Hip-Hop, 80’s R&B and Pop, and of course Freestyle. The show lasted four hours and the sets ranged from 10-25 mins and it was quite a dance party. The show continued with Freestyle, Debbie Deb, The Cover Girls, The Jets, TKA K7, Rob Base, Trinere, Taylor Dayne, Lisa Lisa, and Stevie B. Subscribe to the YouTube Music channel to stay up on the latest news and updates from YouTube Music.Download the YouTube Music app free for Android or iOS. DJ Slice who was also the host had an hour long set after doors opened until the first performance came which was none other than MC Shy D. and Lisa Lisa and also returning was TKA K7, The Jets, and Trinere. Freestyle explosion was headlined once again by Stevie B. It's only a shame there's no proper macOS or Windows app although you can use YouTube Music on your desktop, you have to do so using your web browser.Freestyle Explosion returned to the YouTube Theater Saturday night (3/25). You can also find live concert performances, and videos recorded by fans. YouTube Music also hosts live performances, which provides a handy platform for small artists, though these aren't very heavily promoted in the app. You can listen to 'radio stations' based around a particular artist or track. There are also other playlists available, including new releases, themed lists, and playlists for certain times of day. 'Liking' songs will add them to a playlist, and determine which songs YouTube Music adds to 'Your Mix' (an auto-generated playlist of recommended tracks). Our converter was specially created to extract the audio file from Youtube videos to mp3. The first time you fire up the app you'll be asked to choose a handful of your favorite artists so it can begin recommending songs, and the personalization improved with each new track you listen to as the service builds up a picture of your listening habits and preferences. BigConv is the fastest YouTube Converter to convert YouTube videos to MP3 format in the best possible audio quality. YouTube Music works particularly well for discovering new tracks thanks to its recommendation system. YouTube Music also integrates with Google's Clock app, so you can be woken by a tune of your choice in the morning. You can also download songs and videos to enjoy offline, though these aren't stored on your device in a format that can be easily shared or transferred (which is understandable to avoid piracy). YouTube Music also allows you to keep listening to audio while you use other apps or have your phone's screen switched off, which isn't possible with the free YouTube app. Just download the app and log in using the same account you use for Google Play Music. If you already have a Google Play Music subscription, you'll find that YouTube Music is thrown in free. YouTube Music is also included if you subscribe to YouTube Premium, which costs $11.99/£11.99/AU$14.99 per month. It provides a tailored interface for the service, oriented towards. Search for music directly on our site and convert to MP3 or MP4 Our Online Youtube mp3 converter is safe, fast and does not require account creation. You can try it free for a month before deciding whether to commit, and you can cancel any time without too much hassle. YouTube Music is a music streaming service developed by YouTube, a subsidiary of Google. Convert youtube videos to mp3 (audio) format and download them for free to your devices with BigConv Converter. YouTube Music costs $9.99/£9.99/AU$11.99, which is the same as most other music streaming services, including Spotify, Apple Music and Deezer. Like above, Obsidian’s writing shines when it was challenging the player to think for themselves. I don’t want black-and-white morality, at least not all the time. But Bethesda has yet to confirm this themselves. And so on, you get the point.Īnyway, according to leaks there will be several factions to choose from. If I wanted to be a corporate enforcer, I could pass my resume to the biggest Fortune 500 company. If I wanted to be an illegal smuggler, I could go looking for clients by associating myself with a syndicate. If I wanted to be a bounty hunter, I could sign up with a guild. And without a doubt, this will give Starfield a lot of replayability. But still, the opportunity to join multiple different factions at war with each other would be massive a boon. Considering the politically correct culture that games nowadays have become obsessed with, we obviously won’t get the chance to go that far. So if you wanted to, you could ally with a gang of enslaving, women-hating rapists who are stuck in the past. Very little hand-holding goes into saying who’s group is in the right except for the player’s choices. New Vegas holds a special place in my heart for the freedom it gives players to choose who they side with. There are supposed leaks to it, but as to how extensive it is remains to be seen. After all, “be who you want to be” was something promised to us by Todd Howard. There’s actually a pretty decent chance Bethesda will implement some form of customization options for our ships no matter how limited it may be. No matter what our choices are, I believe a personal connection with our own ship can be benefitted from a customizable one. Perhaps even a ship fit for an illegal smuggler should I choose to roleplay as a certain character. I, for one, would love it if I could cruise the galaxy in a spaceship fit for a bounty hunter. Whether we want it built to fit a certain aesthetic or add, edit, and remove new rooms as we see fit, or even buy new and sell old ones, there’s just something about our own ride that personalizes the experience. Who wouldn’t want to be cruising the stars in their own little sweet joyride? Give us the ability to tinker with our spaceships and we’ll be a lot happier. Please do be warned that I’ll be using a lot of comparisons to other RPG games since we have little information on the game itself. So as you go through this list, make sure to let us know what you think should’ve been included or if there’s anything you disagree with and why. But still, we can have a list of what exactly it is we want for our upcoming space exploration RPG. We don’t know what alien races will be present. We don’t have any glimpse of actual gameplay. We have no idea how big the scale of the game is. There is very little known about Starfield. But very little of them can truly capture the liberating appeal that the Elder Scrolls: Skyrim had. Nowadays, open-world games are a dime a dozen. When it first released, the freedom it offered was a breath of fresh air as the restrictions we’re so used to in other games for the time were surprisingly absent. Skyrim is a legendary game for numerous reasons. There’s no denying that there’s an appeal to that statement. Starfield “the game will be like Skyrim in space,” as described by Todd Howard in regards to their upcoming game, but would it be the best RPG that will finally beat Skyrim? Whether or not that’s a good thing, considering the numerous bugs and recycled voice actors, is something for you to decide. Gameplay: The game starts with one team serving the ball by hitting it onto the net.The net should be set up on a flat surface, with four players standing around it. Equipment: You’ll need a Spikeball set, which includes a round net and a small ball.The Basics of Spikeball: How to Play and RulesĪre you new to Spikeball and wondering how to play? Don’t worry, we’ve got you covered! Here are the basics of Spikeball and the rules to get you started: The game is also very portable, making it a great choice for outdoor activities.Ģ.Spikeball is easy to learn but difficult to master, making it a great game for people who enjoy a challenge.The game is played with a small trampoline-like net and a ball, and the objective is to hit the ball onto the net in such a way that your opponents can’t return it.Spikeball is a fun and competitive game that can be played by people of all ages and skill levels. The net and ball can be easily packed up and taken with you wherever you go, making it a great game to play at the beach, park, or even in your own backyard. Another great thing about Spikeball is that it’s very portable. There are a lot of different strategies and techniques that you can use to try and outsmart your opponents, and the game can get quite intense as a result. One of the things that makes Spikeball so appealing is that it’s easy to learn but difficult to master. The game is played with a small trampoline-like net and a ball, and the objective is to hit the ball onto the net in such a way that your opponents can’t return it. It’s a fun and competitive game that can be played by people of all ages and skill levels. Spikeball is a game that has been around for a few years now, but it’s only recently started to gain popularity. In this article, we’ll explore the ins and outs of Spikeball’s boundaries and what it means for the game. It’s a question that has sparked debate among players and spectators alike. But as the popularity of Spikeball grows, so do the questions surrounding its rules and boundaries. This fast-paced, competitive game has players bouncing a ball off a net in hopes of outmaneuvering their opponents. In the world of outdoor games, Spikeball has taken the scene by storm. If you're wondering how to pronounce the name of KOF '99 lead character K', it's simply like this: Kay Dash. His '94 and '95- '98 designs are still playable, however, as the Kusanagi clones Kusanagi-1 and Kusanagi-2. Kyo would ditch his previous black jacket/pants and white shirt for a new white jacket, blue jeans, and black shirt outfit (he even burns the last part of his old costume, a headband, in his intro). Athena changes her costume as she does in every KOF, but '99 marks the first year that she has a returning voice actress ( Haruna Ikezawa, who would continue to voice Athena in all subsequent KOF games). This entry in this series marks the beginning of the NESTS chapter of the KOF story. Character differencesĪthena and Kyo do make appearances, but in new costumes. THE KING OF FIGHTERS 99 is a fighting game released by SNK in 1999. Goro Daimon ( KOF '94- KOF '98), Chizuru Kagura ( KOF '96- KOF '98), Athena Asamiya (in her previous outfits), Billy Kane ( Fatal Fury- KOF '98), Ryuji Yamazaki ( Real Bout Fatal Fury- KOF '98), General Heidern ( KOF '94- KOF '95, KOF '98), and Kyo Kusanagi (his original look from KOF '94 to KOF '98). In the game's Art Gallery mode, you'll see a lot of artwork for characters from previous KOF games who don't appear in King of Fighters '99. This entry in the series marks the beginning of the NESTS chapter of the KOF story. The King of Fighters '99 SNK Rating Platforms +8 Rate This Game HowLongToBeat 1 hr Main Story 3 hrs Story + Sides 15 hrs Everything 2 hrs All Styles Images & Screenshots 16. Plunderers Pendant: A golden pendant worn by those who seek great fortune. Content Includes: Deluxe Potion Pack: A chest full of potions to aid the Champions in facing danger. This game is included in 3 for 1 Value Pack: Volume #6. THE KING OF FIGHTERS 99 is a fighting game released by SNK in 1999. The Ruination Starter Pack is included with the Ruined King: A League of Legends Story - Deluxe Edition Bundle. Indices typically provide measures of the structure, function or some particular characteristics of marine communities that show a predictable response to anthropogenic disturbances. In addition, there is a growing trend to develop novel indices that consider the resources required to make an ecosystem function ( Rigo et al., 2020, 2021), the ecological complexity ( Paoli et al., 2016) or the environmental DNA ( Pawlowski et al., 2018). To address this need, diverse biotic indices have been developed based on different target organisms or habitats deemed particularly sensitive to alterations of the surrounding environment ( Birk et al., 2012). Change is now affecting so many compartments and levels of the ecosystems that, while easily perceived, the phenomenon is challenging to quantify ( Sala et al., 2000). Marine habitats, under increasing human pressure, are declining at an accelerating rate ( Claudet and Fraschetti, 2010). Over the last decades, the need for assessment of the state of the natural environment has become a primary concern. Differences between the two EU directives, in terms of either requirements or goals, have long been discussed but the present study highlights for the first time that they are congruent in their assessment of the environmental status of marine ecosystems. The use of RESQUE provided insights to interpret the differences between water quality, defined according to the WFD, and habitat quality, defined according to the MSFD. All indices were consistent with each other in confirming the good status of Capo Carbonara MPA. This approach was applied here to different habitats for the first time. We used the graphical approach RESQUE (REsilience and QUality of Ecosystem), which enabled us to obtain a single and comprehensive measure of the status of the environment by integrating several metrics. The aim was to assess whether the indices were consistent in defining the environmental status in the MPA investigated. In this study, thanks to the availability of a large dataset encompassing a wide array of descriptors, we compared the performance of 11 biotic indices relative to three habitats/biotic components (reefs, seagrass, and fish) of the Marine Protected Area (MPA) of Capo Carbonara (SE Sardinia, Italy). The borderline between water quality and habitat quality is hard to trace and so far most assessments have involved the use of a few indices and were mainly related to a single BQE or qualitative descriptor. The WFD adopts four Biological Quality Elements (BQEs), whereas the MSFD recommends a set of eleven qualitative descriptors. Diverse biotic indices have accordingly been developed to assess water and habitat quality. The European Commission, in particular, has set ambitious targets for member states with two major directives, the Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD), both designed to protect the marine environment in EU waters. In the last decades, climate change and human pressures have increasingly and dramatically impacted the ocean worldwide, calling for urgent actions to safeguard coastal marine ecosystems. 6National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy.5Department of Chemical, Physical, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.4National Research Council, Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impact and Sustainability in the Marine Environment (CNR-IAS), Genoa, Italy.3Department of Integrative Marine Ecology (EMI), Genoa Marine Centre (GMC), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn–National Institute of Marine Biology, Ecology and Biotechnology, Genoa, Italy.2Capo Carbonara Marine Protected Area, Cagliari, Italy.1Seascape Ecology Laboratory (SEL), Distav, Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy. Alice Oprandi 1*†, Fabrizio Atzori 2†, Annalisa Azzola 1†, Carlo Nike Bianchi 1,3†, Nicoletta Cadoni 2, Lara Carosso 2, Elena Desiderà 3†, Francesca Frau 2, Maria Leonor Garcia Gutiérrez 2, Paolo Guidetti 3,4†, Carla Morri 1,3†, Luigi Piazzi 5†, Federica Poli 3† and Monica Montefalcone 1,6† |